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Head: NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE
Nathaniel
Hawthorne
[Author’s Name]
[Instructor’s Name]
Nathaniel Hawthorne
Hawthorne was a Novelist and a short story writer;
he was the vital figure in the American Revitalization.
Hawthorne's best-known works include The Scarlet
Letter and The House of The Seven Gables. Writers
like Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Herman
Melville, and Hawthorne looked not only to the Puritan
origins of American history, but also to Puritan
styles of rhetoric to create an idiosyncratic American
literary voice.
"Not to be deficient in this particular, the
author has provided himself with a moral, the truth,
namely, that the wrongdoing of one generation lives
into the successive ones."
(Amoia, Alba, 1998)
Nathaniel Hawthorne was born in Salem, Massachusetts.
His father was a sea captain and descendent of John
Hathorne, one of the adjudicators in the Salem witchcraft
trials of 1692. He died when Nathaniel was four
year old. Hawthorne grew up in solitude with his
widowed mother, he leaned on her for emotional succor
and vice versa, and this situation Hawthorne carried
with him into adulthood. Later he wrote to his friend
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow: "I have locked
myself in a dungeon and I can't find the key to
get out." (Hoeltje, Hubert H. 1962)
Hawthorne was educated at the Bowdoin College in
Maine. In school in the amongst his friends were
Longfellow and Franklin Pierce, who became the 14th
president of the U.S. Between the years 1825 and
1836 Hawthorne worked as a writer and contributor
to periodicals. Among Hawthorne's friends was John
L. O'Sullivan, whose magazine the Democratic Review
published two dozen stories by him. Hawthorne's
first novel, Fanshawe, appeared anonymously at his
own expense in 1828. The work was based on his college
life. It did not attract much attention and the
author burned the unsold copies. However, the book
initiated a friendship between Hawthorne and the
published Samuel Goodrich. He edited in 1836 the
American Magazine of Useful and Entertaining Knowledge
in Boston, and compiled in 1837.
In 1842 Hawthorne became friends with the Transcendentalists
in Concord, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau,
Bronson Alcott, but by and large he did not have
much self-assurance in intellectuals and artists.
He married in 1842 Sophia Peapody, an active contestant
in the Transcendentalist movement, and settled with
her in Concord. Hawthorne was one of the first American
writers to explore the hidden motivations of his
characters.
He once wrote of his workroom: "This deserves
to be called a haunted chamber, for thousands and
thousands of visions have appeared to me in it."
(Wagenknecht, Edward, 1961)
The Custom-House draft, prefatory to The Scarlet
Letter, was based partly on his experiences in Salem.
The novel appeared in 1850 and told a story of the
first victims of Puritan mania and religious ferocity.
The central idea is the effect of responsibility,
apprehension and sorrow.
Hawthorne's picture of the sin-obsessed Puritans
was later censured, they were a far more relaxed
people than offered in the works of Hawthorne, Arthur
Miller, Steven King, and many others. The House
of the Seven Gables was published next year. It
focused on a family legacy, which operates as an
innate curse by one of the victims of the 17th-century
Salem witchcraft trials. The story was based on
the fable of a curse, which was pronounced on Hawthorne's
own family by a woman who was condemned to death
during the Salem witchcraft trials. The nuisance
is mirrored in the rot of the Pyncheon family's
seven-gabled mansion. Finally the descendant of
the killed woman marries a young niece of the family,
and the hereditary sin ends. The Blithedale Romance
was set in a utopian New England community. Hawthorne
had earlier invested and lived in the Brook Farm
Commune, West Roxbury.
In 1853 Franklin Pierce became President and Hawthorne,
who had written a campaign biography for him, was
appointed the consulship in Liverpool, England.
He lived there for four years and spent a year and
half in Italy writing The Marble Faun, a story about
the conflicts between innocence and guilt. It was
his last completed novel. In his Concord home, The
Wayside, he wrote the essays contained in Our Old
Home. Hawthorne died on May 19, 1864, in Plymouth,
N.H. on a trip to the mountains with his friend
Franklin Pierce. After his death his wife edited
and published his notebooks. Modern editions of
these works comprise many of the sections which
she cut out or distorted.
References
Amoia, Alba, Hawthorne's Rome: Then and Now, Nathaniel
Hawthorne Review, 1998, pg 25.
Hoeltje,
Hubert H. Inward sky; the mind and heart of Nathaniel
Hawthorne. Durham, NC, 1962, pg 31.
Wagenknecht, Edward. Nathaniel Hawthorne: man and
writer. NY, 1961, pg16. |
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